An ephemeral but ferocious war between India and Pakistan from May 7 to May 10, 2025, has reshaped South Asia’s military and geopolitical landscape. In just four days, two nuclear-armed neighbours launched a high-tech face-off that not only shook the region but also reverberated across global capitals, and elevated new security paradigms.
Fighter jets armed with hypersonic and ballistic missiles, state-of-the-art AI-driven systems, space spectrum warfare, cyber and psychological operations, along with the cutting-edge air defense networks and UAV drones, were all deployed in a comprehensive display of military might. These developments set the stage for a bold strategic realignment under the renewed “China- Pakistan Friendship Doctrine” that has sent shockwaves down the spine of the so far unchallenged Indian hegemony in the region.
Tensions escalated sharply along the Line of Control after a terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Indian-held Kashmir, on April 22, 2025, which claimed 26 lives. Within no time of the incident, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi accused Pakistan, and threatened with severe repercussions. Modi revoked the historic Indus Water Treaty brokered between the two hostile neighbours by the World Bank. Pakistan offered to hold an independent international investigation into the incident, and sought diplomatic mediation by reaching out to the UN, USA, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Iran. Though, initially, the US preferred to stay away from this dispute. Meanwhile, on the night of May 6–7, India launched an assault across the international border using air strikes, missiles, and drones on military and civilian populations in Pakistan.
Decisive shifts occurred on May 10, 2025 when Pakistan launched its counterattack at 5:16 am, and hit 26 military places including air bases, missiles depots, radars, air defense systems, military headquarters in India. As Pakistan’s retaliation stunned its five times bigger neighbor, Modi approached the US President Donald Trump for ceasefire, culminating in an official halt to hostilities. This swift international intervention was critical in containing the conflict and underscored the complex interplay of high-stakes diplomacy and modern warfare.
On the battlefield, Pakistan’s JF-17 Thunder and J-10 fighter jets armed with PL 15 missiles backed by AWACS systems secured air superiority by downing seven Indian fighter jets including several Rafale aircraft. Although India’s air fleet included modern Rafale and Su-30 aircraft, its air operations ultimately fell short. Pakistani jets JF-17 Thunder armed with CM-400 AKG hypersonic missiles, effectively neutralized two batteries of India’s S-400 air defense system. In addition, Pakistan deployed Babur cruise missiles, Shaheen-III ballistic missiles, DF-17 hypersonic missiles, and Fateh I & Fath II missiles, with precision munition against critical targets, while sophisticated electronic warfare systems blunted Indian missile strikes.
Pakistan’s military was exceptionally prepared and surprised the India, and the world, with its sophisticated capabilities and technology advantages that India never anticipated. The professionalism and seamless coordination among its army, airforce, and navy set a new benchmark in modern warfare. Gen Asim Munir, whose leadership ensured Pakistan’s military and diplomatic success, led the “Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos”.
The conflict’s character was further defined by extensive drone and cyber operations. India deployed Israeli Harop loitering munitions, whereas Pakistan employed Turkish Bayraktar TB2. Pakistan’s integrated electronic warfare intercepted and neutralized 85 Indian drones through both soft- and hard-kill measures. Concurrently, offensive cyber strikes disrupted India’s military communications, other communication networks, and intelligence channels, while Chinese satellites bolstered Pakistan’s space spectrum warfare with real-time operational intelligence.
Pakistan’s Naval operations also played a pivotal role. The deployments in the Arabian Sea forced India’s INS Vikrant aircraft carrier to withdraw. While advanced underwater drone surveillance secured control over critical shipping lanes disrupting Indian naval movements and ensuring uninterrupted logistics.
Economically, the conflict inflicted severe damages on India, with losses amounting to billions of dollars over just four days. Analysts warned that if the war had escalated, the macroeconomic cost could have reached approximately $17.8 billion per day, impacting global markets especially in nations intricately linked to India’s vast economy including the US, EU, UK, Saudi Arabia, and UAE.
In the aftermath, Pakistan emerged as a responsive nuclear power and a military conglomerate spanning continents, demonstrating unprecedented strategic prowess. The misadventure of Modi, instead of fracturing Pakistan, united the nation, overcoming the persistent internal political crises and reducing Indian proxy influences. Citizens from Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, Punjab, Gilgit-Baltistan, Azad Kashmir, and overseas Pakistanis rallied behind their armed forces, especially deepening their admiration for Gen Asim Munir. Equally, this war further strengthened the bond between China and Pakistan as both nations peoples drew closer amid the new doctrine. Indeed, the leadership of China and Pakistan conquered the hearts of their nations.
Originally conceived as an economic initiative, China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has evolved into a comprehensive security framework that now integrates military cooperation with economic development. The China-Pakistan brotherhood epitomizes this transformation with enhanced military interoperability, intelligence sharing, strategic coordination and recalibrating power balances on a global scale.
Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) as outlined by Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver, posits that neighbouring states’ interdependent security concerns form networks of collective deterrence and alliances. The conflict demonstrated RSCT in practice as military deterrence, technological superiority, and strategic alignments redefined regional stability. This framework is poised to expand further. Prospects for integrating key regional players such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar appear robust as these nations seek shared strategic and economic benefits to counterbalance traditional hegemonic influences of India.
Modern Chinese military capabilities, as showcased during the conflict, solidified its technological edge and multi-domain deterrence. The advanced Chinese systems from air and missile operations to superior cyber and spectrum warfare send a powerful signal to Taiwan and its US allies, any aggressive move in the Taiwan Strait will encounter a formidable response. With strategic corridors like the Strait of Malacca, South China Sea, and Indian Ocean under increasing Chinese influence, the shift in military dynamics is unmistakable.
Market indicators further underscored this shift. Shares of Chinese fighter jet manufacturer Chengdu Aircraft Corporation, producer of the J-10 surged on the Chengdu Stock Exchange, while stocks for French company Dassault Aviation the producer of the Rafale fell on Paris Stock Exchange, reflecting a realignment of confidence in emerging military balances.
With this background, it is imperative for India and Pakistan to resolve long-standing disputes including Kashmir conflict, Indus Water Treaty, and proxy wars through constructive dialogue and diplomacy. Both countries must avoid further escalation in the high-tech arms race and focus on economic development and the welfare of their people. A coordinated global effort is also essential to mediate and resolve these enduring regional challenges.
The May 2025 limited war stands as a watershed moment in military history. It not only validated the strategic impact of state-of-the-art technologies and multi-domain operations, but also signaled a profound realignment in global defense hierarchies. As economic ties increasingly intertwine with security considerations, the long-term ramifications of this war will continue to shape military research, arms development, and strategic alliances for years to come.
