Canadians head to the polls today for a snap election, which could redefine the political landscape of the nation and shape its future relations with an increasingly aggressive United States.

The election comes amidst economic anxiety, rising living costs, debates on immigration, and an escalating trade conflict with U.S. President Donald Trump.

The election was called just weeks after Mark Carney replaced Justin Trudeau as the leader of the Liberal Party and, consequently, the country's prime minister. The timing is significant, as Carney, a former governor of the Bank of Canada and Bank of England, takes the helm during a time of considerable national stress.

Voters are grappling with a range of issues, from surging inflation and a housing affordability crisis to intense discussions on immigration and the ongoing trade war with the United States.

How Canada’s federal elections work

Canada follows a "first-past-the-post" electoral system, where voters select Members of Parliament (MPs) in 343 electoral districts (ridings). The party that wins the most seats typically forms the government. If no party wins an outright majority, it results in a minority government, often requiring cooperation with smaller parties to pass legislation. This is becoming a common scenario, and today's race remains highly competitive, suggesting another possible minority government.

The leading candidates

Mark Carney (Liberal Party)

Carney’s entry into politics has rejuvenated the Liberal Party, which had been struggling under Trudeau's leadership. His economic expertise is seen as crucial in navigating the country's financial challenges. Carney promises to tackle inflation, reduce reliance on the U.S. market by boosting domestic manufacturing, and defend Canada’s sovereignty against President Trump's hostile economic policies. Despite being a political newcomer, his deep economic credentials have made him a formidable contender, particularly in Quebec, where his limited French-speaking ability could be a point of contention.
Pierre Poilievre (Conservative Party)

Poilievre, a seasoned politician, has emerged as a leading populist figure, championing lower taxes and smaller government. His campaign focuses on the cost-of-living crisis, blaming government overspending and immigration pressures for high housing costs. His populist rhetoric, however, has polarised voters, with some fearing his alignment with Trump-like politics. Poilievre has distanced himself from Trump’s rhetoric, but his stance on economic nationalism resonates with a growing segment of voters.
Jagmeet Singh (New Democratic Party)

Singh presents the NDP as a progressive alternative, advocating for universal pharmacare, affordable housing, and a tax overhaul targeting the wealthy. However, with national support hovering below 10%, his party faces challenges in expanding its voter base. Strategic voting dynamics may hurt the NDP’s chances, as progressive voters fear splitting the vote and aiding a Conservative victory.
Yves-François Blanchet (Bloc Quebecois)

Focusing on Quebec’s interests, Blanchet’s Bloc Quebecois emphasizes Quebec nationalism and autonomy. While unlikely to form a government, the Bloc’s performance could play a pivotal role in a minority government situation, especially if the Liberals falter.

The Polls: Tight Race, Growing Liberal lead

Recent polling suggests a slim Liberal lead with 42.5% support compared to 38.9% for the Conservatives. However, many ridings remain too close to call, and voter enthusiasm is notably higher among Conservatives and Bloc Quebecois supporters. A surge in early voting, with over 7.3 million Canadians casting ballots, indicates high engagement, particularly in urban and suburban areas.

Economic context

The election backdrop is deeply influenced by a worsening cost-of-living crisis, marked by rising housing prices, grocery bills, and stagnant wages. Both Carney and Poilievre have offered competing visions to alleviate these pressures, with Carney advocating for economic resilience and Poilievre focusing on reducing government spending and deregulating housing markets.

Immigration remains a contentious issue, with Carney defending high immigration levels as necessary for economic growth, while Poilievre proposes curbing immigration until infrastructure improvements catch up.

Adding to the domestic challenges is the increasingly hostile trade relationship with the United States. Trump’s tariffs on Canadian steel, aluminum, and other goods have caused widespread uncertainty. His inflammatory rhetoric, including a suggestion that Canada could become the "51st state," has spurred national outrage and a strong sense of Canadian nationalism. Carney has positioned himself as a defender of Canada’s sovereignty, while Poilievre emphasizes economic independence and trade diversification.

Trump's influence

The trade war and Trump's threats to Canadian sovereignty have led to a wave of Canadian nationalism. Many Canadians view Trump’s tariffs and comments as a direct challenge to the country’s independence. In response, Canada has introduced retaliatory tariffs and increased support for a "Canada-first" approach. As a result, political analysts predict that the election could serve as a rebuke to Trump and the populist politics associated with him.

In the early months of 2025, the race appeared to be heading for a Conservative victory, with Poilievre poised to capitalize on discontent with Trudeau’s leadership. However, the dynamics shifted dramatically with the elevation of Mark Carney as Liberal leader. Carney’s leadership has resonated strongly with voters, especially those concerned with the economic fallout from Trump’s tariffs. Polling data shows that the Liberals have surged ahead, with national unity and defense of Canada’s sovereignty at the forefront of the campaign.

This election could reshape Canada’s political future, with significant implications for the economy and its relationship with the U.S. The rising wave of nationalism, along with concerns over economic stability and the Trump trade war, may lead to a Liberal victory, signaling a rejection of Trumpism in favor of a more independent and resilient Canada. The outcome of today’s vote will have lasting repercussions on the political and economic landscape of the nation.